Passive Voice & Causative Have

PASSIVE VOICE (Kalimat Pasif)

Passive Voice (Kalimat Pasif) adalah kalimat yang subject-nya dikenai suatu pekerjaan atau menderita suatu. Dengan kata lain subject kalimat tersebut menjadi sasaran kegiatan yang dinyatakan oleh kata kerja. Dalam bahasa indonesia ciri-ciri kalimat pasif adalah kata kerjanya yang berawalan dengan “di-“ dan beberapa lagi memiliki awalan “ter-“ (tergantung pada konteks kalimat).

Active Voice (Kalimat Aktif) adalah kalimat yang subject-nya berbuat sesuatau atau melakukan suatu pekerjaan. Dalam bahasa indonesia ciri-ciri kalimat aktif adalah kata kerjanya selalu berawalan “me-“ dan beberapa lagi memiliki awalan “ber-“.

Bentuk dari Passive Voice (kalimat pasif) adalah : TO BE / BE + VERB 3

a.      Passive Voice digunakan jika kita hanya ingin fokus pada kejadian bukan pada siapa yang melakukannya.

Example:

Active             : the man is kicking the ball now.

Passive: the ball is being kicked now

b.     Passive Voice digunakan untuk menghindari suatu subjek yang semu (someone, somebody).

Example :

Active             : someone hit the mirror last night.

Passive            : the mirror was hit last night.

Note :

Dalam bahasa inggris terdapat beberapa kata kerja yang bisa memiliki 2 object, seperti: teach, pay, give, ask, tell, show, over.

Pola – Pola Passive Voice

     1.     Simple Present Tense

Rumus:

Active             : S + To Be (is, am, are)

Passive            : S + To Be (is,am,are) + V3

Example:

Active             : Budi writtes a letter

Passive            : a letter is written by budy

      2.     Simple Past

Rumus :

Active : S + To Be (was,were) + v2

Passive            : S + To Be (was, were) + V3

Example:

Actived           : i eat fried rice yesterday

Passived          : fried rice was eaten by me yesterday

      3.     Present Perfect

Rumus :

Active             : S + To Be (has, have) + V3

Passive            :  S + To Be + been + V3

Example :

Active             : we have been helping the poor people

Passive            : the poor people have been being helped by us

      4.     Past Perfect

Rumus :

Active             : S + To Be (had) + V3

Passive            : S + To Be + been +V3

Example :

Active             : we had watched titanic movie

Passive            : Titanic movie had been watched by us

      5.     Present Progresive

Rumus :

Active             : S + To Be (is, am, are) + v-ing

Passive            : S + To Be + being +v3

Example:

Active             : Jane is helping Tina.

Passive            : Tina is being helped by Jane

     6.     Past Progresive

Rumus :

Active             : S + To Be (was, were) + v-ing

Passive            : S + To Be + being Not + V3

Example:

Active             : Noni  was helping ketrin

Passive            : Noni was being helped by Ketrin

      CAUSATIVE VERBS (Kata Kerja Kausative)

Causative Verb ( Kata Kerja Kausatif ) adalah kata kerja utama atau pokok yang digunakan untuk menyatakan bahwa seseorang menyuruh atau menyebabkan orang lain melakukan sesuatu.

Beberapa caustive verb :

have/has                   had

ask                           asked

get                           got

1.          Active Causative

       A.      Causative “Have”

Rumus: Subject + have/has + someone + kata kerja Bentuk I

Contoh:

a.    I have him clean my shoes (saya menyuruhnya membersihkan sepatuku)

b.    Mary has George climbs the tree

c.    You must haveSusie study hard

         B.     Causative “Get”

Rumus: Subject + Get + someone + to infinitive

Contoh:

a.    He gets John to brush the shoes

b.    They get me to wash the clothes

c.    She will get Anne to accompany her to the party tomorrow

2.          Passive Causative

Rumus: Subject + have/get + object + kata kerja Bentuk III

Contoh:

a.    The government got the bridge built quickly

b.    We must have the floor cleaned as soon as possible

Tambahan:

      C. Causative “Make“

Penggunaannya sama dengan causative di atas, namun perintahnya lebih keras (sedikit memaksa)

Rumus: Subject + Make + someone + Kata kerja bentuk I

Contoh:

a.    The teacher always makes the students stay in their own seats

b.    Bob made his son be quiet in the library

      D.  Causative “Want“

Rumus: Subject + Want + object + Kata Kerja Bentuk III

      Contoh:    

a.    I  want  this chairs painted (saya mau kursi-kursi ini dicat)

b.    He wants the cars repaired

Referensi :

http://nurfatimah08.blogspot.com/2014/04/bahasa-inggris-bisnis-2-passive-voice.html

Affirmative & Negative Agreement, Negation, Commands

Affirmative Agreement Untuk menghilangkan pengulangan kata pada suatu kalimat kita bisa menggunakan kata “so”atau “too”. Ada perbedaan pada susunan kalimatnya ketika menggunaan kata “so” dan “too”. Silahkan perhatikan rumus berikut:
Ketika hanya ada “to be” pada klausa utama (main clause), maka tenses yang sama dari “to be” digunakan pada klausa kedua (second clause).

Contoh kalimat
1. I am hungry = I am hungry, and you are too.
2. You are hungry = I am hungry, and so are you.

Affirmative statement (to be) + and + Subject + to be + too
So + to be + subject

Contoh kalimat
1. Their plane is arriving at 7 o’clock, and so is mine.
2. I am sick, and He is too.
3. Our class is clean, and so are theirs.
4. Bella is beautiful, and her sister is too.
5. My hand writing is bad, and so are you.

Ketika hanya ada kata kerja bantu (auxiliary verb), contohnya: will, should, has, have, must, etc pada klausa utama (main clause), kata kerja bantu nya (auxiliary verb) juga digunakan pada klausa kedua (second clause).

Contoh kalimat
1. He has seen her plays = He has seen her plays, and the girls have too.
2. The girls have seen her plays = He has seen her plays, and so have the girls.

Affirmative statement + and + Subject + auxiliary verb only + too
(auxiliary verb) So + auxiliary verb only + subject

Contoh kalimat
1. They will go at noon, and she will too.
2. He has an early appointment, and so have I.
3. They have written their lyrics, and so have we.
4. Richard has lived in Cuba for five years, and they have too.
5. I should finish the report, and she should too.

Ketika hanya ada kata kerja (verb) tanpa auxiliary verb pada klausa utama (main clause), kata kerja bantu do, does, atau did digunakan pada klausa kedua (second clause) dan tenses nya harus sama.

Contoh kaimat
1. We go to school = We go to school, and my brother does too.
2. My brother goes to school = We go to school, and so does my brother.

Affirmative statement + and + Subject + (do, does, did) + too
(single verb except ”to be”) So + (do, does, did) + subject

Contoh kalimat
1. We want to buy a fountain, and she does too.
2. My mother likes traveling, and so do their mother.
3. My brother invites him to the party, and my sister does too.
4. They wrote a good poem, and so did he.
5. Fred cooked fried rice for his breakfast, and Tina did too.

Negative Agreement
“Either” dan “neither” memiliki fungsi yang sama seperti kata “too” dan “so” pada klausa kedua (second clause) dalam kalimat positif (affirmative sentence/ agreement). Kata “Either”dan “neither” ini digunakan untuk mengindikasikan kalimat negative (negative sentence/ agreement). Aturan yang sama juga berlaku untuk penggunaan “to be”, “auxiliary verb” (kata kerja bantu), dan “verb” (kata kerja).

Contoh kalimat
1. I didn’t go to the mosque yesterday, and Ali didn’t either.
2. I didn’t go to the mosque yesterday, and neither did Ali.

Negative statement + and + Subject + negative auxiliary or “to be” + either
Neither + positive auxiliary or “to be” + subject

Contoh kalimat
1. The manager isn’t too happy with the project, and neither is his assistant.
2. We can’t study in the library, and he can’t either.
3. You didn’t pay the taxes, and they didn’t either.
4. My brother won’t accept my father’s decision, and my sister won’t either.
5. He doesn’t know the answer, and neither does she.

      Negation

To make a sentence negative, add the negative particle not after the auxiliary or verb be. If there is no auxiliary or be, add the appropriate form of do, does, or did and place in word not after that.

e.g.

John is rich                  John is not rich

Mark has seen Bill       Mark has not seen Bill

The following examples contain no auxiliary and thus use do, does, or did.

e.g.

Marvin likes spinach   Marvin does not like spinach

They went to class      They did not go to class

Some/any

If there is a noun in the complement of a negative sentence, one should add the particle any before the noun.

Some affirmative sentences

Any negative sentences and question

e.g. John has some money

John doesn’t have any money

     Commands

A command is an imperative statement. One person orders another to do something. It can be preceded by please. The understood subject is you. Use the simple form of the verb.

Close the door leave the room

Please turn off the light Open your book

Latihan soal :

1.         Rose likes to fly, and her brother does too.

2.         They will leave at noon, and I will too.

3.         He has an early appointment, and so do I.

4.         She has already written her composition, and so have her friends.

5.         Their plane is arriving at nine o’clock, and so is mine.

6.         The children shouldn’t take that medicine, and neither should she.

7.         We don’t plan to attend the concert, and neither do they.

8.      I don’t like tennis, and he doesn’t either.

Refrensi :
http://bahasainggrisonandNegativeAgreement013/04/elliptical-constructions.html
http://elsadenovia.blogspot.com/2014/05/affirmative-agreement-and-negative.html       http://fnflife.blogspot.com/2010/07/affirmative-negative-aggrement.html

Adjective & Adverb

Adjective
Adjective adalah kata yang digunakan untuk menerangkan noun atau pronoun yang dapat berupa orang (person), tempat (place), binatang (animal), benda atau konsep abstrak. Kata sifat bahasa Inggris ini merupakan satu dari delapan part of speech.

Adjective Phrase dan Compound Adjective
Adjective mungkin berbentuk sederhana (dark, hot, young), atau berbentuk frasa. Frasa adjective, disebut adjective phrase, merupakan kombinasi dari adjective sebagai head dan modifier dan/atau determiner.

Contoh Adjective Phrase:
very dark chocolate
many young married couple
Selain itu, dua adjective mungkin dapat bergabung untuk membentuk kata baru yang disebut compound adjective.

Contoh Compound Adjective:
part-time jobs
oil-free lotion

Adjective Position
Kata sifat mungkin menempati salah satu posisi:
Attributive: diletakkan di depan noun (beautiful girls)
Postpositive: dibelakang noun tanpa disela linking verb (someone special)
Predicative: diletakkan setelah noun dengan disela linking verb (contoh kalimat: The lady is beautiful)

Adjective Order
Jika ada lebih dari satu adjective di depan noun, kita perlu mengikuti adjective order, yakni urutan adjective berdasarkan kategori: opinion, size, age, shape, color, origin, material, purpose.

Contoh Adjective Order:
two happy small blue birds (opinion – size – color)

Adjective Degree
Untuk menyatakan perbandingan, dapat digunakan adjective dalam bentuk:
positive degree: membandingkan kesetaraan (She is as good as you in math.)
comparative degree: untuk membandingkan dua hal (Today should be better than yesterday.)
superlative degree: untuk membandingkan tiga hal atau lebih (He was the best of all of us.)

Adjective Clause
Adjective Clause merupakan dependent clause yang berfungsi sebagai adjective, untuk menjelaskan noun atau pronoun di dalam complex sentence.

Contoh Kalimat Adjective Clause:
The student who always goes to school by bus is my friend.
Klause ini mungkin direduksi (dipersingkat) — reduced adjective clause — dengan menghilangkan relative pronoun dan mengubah kata kerja yang digunakan menjadi participle.

Contoh Kalimat Reduced Adjective Clause:
The student always going to school by bus is my friend.

Adverb
Adverb adalah kata yang berfungsi untuk mendeskripsikan verb (kata kerja), adjective (kata sifat), atau adverb lain. Kata keterangan bahasa Inggris ini merupakan satu dari delapan part of speech yang mungkin berbentuk sederhana (fast, there, usually), atau berbentuk frasa (adverb phrase).

Macam, Fungsi, dan Contoh Adverb
Time (waktu): menyatakan waktu terjadinya suatu kegiatan/peristiwa (now, today, yesterday).
Manner (cara): menyatakan cara suatu kegiatan dilakukan atau peristiwa terjadi (automatically, beautifully, fast).
Degree (derajat): menyatakan sampai seberapa jauh (tingkatan atau derajat) suatu kegiatan/peristiwa (absolutely, barely, really).
Modality (harapan): menyatakan tingkat keyakinan/harapan (likely, maybe, probably).
Frequency (frekuensi): menyatakan seberapa sering suatu kegiatan atau peristiwa dilakukan atau terjadi (always, often, rarely).
Place & Direction (tempat & arah): menyatakan tempat dan arah terjadinya suatu kegiatan/peristiwa (here, in, somewhere).
Purpose: menjawab pertanyaan “why” (for a reason, to buy some clothes).
Focus: menunjukkan bahwa apa yang dibicarakan terbatas pada bagian yang difokuskan (also, just, only).

Contoh Kalimat Adverb:
Please call me later, I’m studying now. (Tolong hubungi saya nanti, saya sedang belajar sekarang.)
He is watching the football match there. (Dia sedang menonton pertandingan sepakbola disana.)

Adverb Placement & Order
Adverb Placement: adverb mungkin dapat ditempatkan di awal (Maybe I call her tonight), tengah (They’ve recently went home), atau akhir kalimat (He always drives fast). Jika ada lebih dari satu kata keterangan di dalam suatu kalimat, kita perlu mengikuti aturan adverb order: manner – place – frequency – time – purpose.

Contoh Kalimat Adverb Order:
I took the cooking course for three days every week last month. (Saya mengambil kursus memasak selama tiga hari seminggu bulan lalu.)

Adverb Degree
Untuk menyatakan perbandingan, dapat digunakan adverb dalam bentuk:
positive degree: membandingkan kesetaraan (She walks as slowly as a turtle.)
comparative degree: untuk membandingkan dua hal (She walks slower than a turtle.)
superlative degree: untuk membandingkan tiga hal atau lebih (She runs the most slowest in my class.)

Adverbial Clause
Adverbial Clause merupakan dependent clause yang berfungsi sebagai kata keterangan dan memberikan informasi tentang verb, adjective, atau kata keterangan lain pada independent clause di dalam suatu complex sentence

.

Contoh Kalimat Adverbial Clause:
When he didn’t come last night, he notified by phone. (Ketika dia tidak datang semalam, dia mengabari melalui telepon.)
Mempersingkat adverbial clause (reduced adverbial clause) dapat dilakukan dengan syarat di dalam complex sentence hanya terdapat satu subject

.

Contoh Kalimat Reduced Adverbial Clause:
When not coming last night, he notified by phone. (Ketika tidak datang semalam, dia mengabari melalui telepon.)

Latihan soal :

1. Rita can walk further than you think.

2. I hope tomorrow will be better than today.

3. He runs as slow as molasses in January.

 4. The modern wind turbine works the most efficiently

5. He has the biggest house among all his friends.

Refrensi:
http://www.wordsmile.com/pengertian-macam-contoh-kalimat-adjectives
http://www.wordsmile.com/pengertian-macam-contoh-kalimat-adverbs http://www.wordsmile.com/contoh-soal-adjective-order-jawabannya